| Contents | Announcements | Exams | Literature | Exercise sheets, notes, and slides | Old exams |
Tanja Lange
Coding Theory and Cryptology
Eindhoven Institute for the Protection of Information
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Room MF 6.104B
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
P.O. Box 513
5600 MB Eindhoven
Netherlands
Phone: +31 (0) 40 247 4764
The easiest ways to reach me wherever I am:
e-mail:tanja@hyperelliptic.org
This page belongs to course 2WF80 - Introduction to cryptology. This course is offered at TU/e as part of the bachelor's elective package 'Security'. The official page is here.
Contents
Classical systems (Caesar cipher, Vigenère, Playfair, rotor machines), shift register sequences, DES, RC4, RSA, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, cryptanalysis by using statistics, factorization, attacks on WEP (aircrack).
Some words up front: Crypto is an exciting area of research. Learning
crypto makes you more aware of the limitations of security and privacy
which might make you feel less secure but that's just a more
accurate impression of reality and it a good step to improve your
security.
Here is a nice link collection
of software to help you stay secure
https://prism-break.org/en/
and private
https://www.privacytools.io/.
If you study mathematics, you should have participated in "2WF50 - Algebra"
and "2WF70 - Algorithmic algebra and number theory".
If you study computer science or any other program you should have
participated in "2DBI00 - Linear Algebra and Applications",
"2IT50 or 2IT80 - Discrete structures", and
"2WF90 - Algebra
for security" before taking this course.
If not you can find some material in the Literature section
but note that you are on your own for learning this.
Because of the Covid-19 situation we will not have any in-person
lectures. I will provide recorded videos – one video per topic,
so several videos per unit – and we'll have live sessions for
the exercise hours
I had posted a quiz on Canvas to determine which of the assigned time
slots I should keep for the exercise hours (default Thu 5 and 6) and
whether there is enough interest in having a Q & A session as well.
The outcome was that 68 students replied and 52 prefer Mon 3 & 4 and
52 prefer Thu 5 & 6 (so 36 are happy with both) I have thus decided to
keep Thu 5 & 6 as the time slot for the exercises.
36 of the 68 students expressed interested in having a Q & A session
in addition to the videos and exercise sessions. I will hold a Q & A
sessions on Mondays in block 3 & 4.
The teaching assistants for this course are:
It is not necessary to purchase a book to follow the course.
For some background on algebra see
30% of the grade is determined by homeworks. There will be four sets of homework during the quarter. You should hand in your homework in groups of 2 or 3. To make sure that you get used to crypto we require solutions to be sent encrypted and signed with GPG/PGP. Each participant must have communicated with the TAs at least once using GPG/PGP. You can find my public key for tanja@hyperelliptic.org on the key servers and on my homepage here. You can find the keys for the TAs linked above or also on the key servers.
The exam will take place on 25 January 2021, 13:30 - 16:30. The format
of the exam is Timed exam on Ans Delft without proctoring + video
upload after the exam. See blow for details.
The retake is scheduled for April 12, 18:00 - 21:00.
The exam
accounts for the remaining 70% of the grade.
Here is the cover sheet for the exam, stating what you permitted to do and what not.
Here is a longer explanation of the exam format:
Each student gets an individualized exam, with all numbers generated by
a Python script in Ans Delft so that students cannot copy solutions from
each other.
After the exam each student has to record a video in which they give a
short explanation of how they solved the exercises. This video gets
uploaded directly after the exam and checked as part of the corrections.
This is to ensure that it was the student him/herself writing the exam.
The student should also show the student ID at the beginning of the
exam. The video will be uploaded to Surfdrive; the upload time does not count against the exam time, but has a separate block of 30 min directly after the exam (shifted appropriately for those with extra time).
To upload your video, use this link. To not use this link to tet this feature, see below
for a link for testing.
For students opting out of the video we'll have capacity for about 30 short live interviews right after the exam (5 TAs, 5 min chats, during the 30 min after the exam and twice that if I go for 60 min after of if the opt-outs are balanced between people with extra time and not -- we just cannot handle 130). The live calls are fully ephemeral on jitsi or big-blue-button and not recorded. Please let Tanja know a few days before the exam if you want to go for this.
The numbers will be bigger this year because I need numbers per student. On the plus side you can use your computer for the calculations and you can cut-and-paste between the browser and the system, so that you should never copy a number by hand. Please make sure that your set-up works for this. I don't want to see any mistakes that happen because you mistyped a number.
I do expect your answer to be typed into the Ans Delft system. Do not
write on paper and upload a epicure. You may have paper on your table
if you like to sketch out things, but still should type up your
solution.
To be clear: The exam will be open book open Internet. I don't have the
cover sheet for your course ready, but you can see one from a Q1 course
here.
A few days before the exam I'll make a test exam available so that you can try out how Ans works. I need to wait for the study administration to add you to Ans for this, so it's not me being the bottle neck here. The test exam is only to understand the interface, it is not replacing the exams from the past years that you should use to practice.
You can test the file upload using
this link
09 Nov 2020
Please watch
which covers basic concepts of cryptology.
See also the slides.
Then watch
to learn about the substitution cipher, Caesar cipher, one-time pad, and Viginere
encryption as well as how to analyze them.
See also the slides.
I posted a Canvas quiz so that you can check that you decrypted the challenges correctly.
I updated the slides to include what we discussed in the live Q & A session.
12 Nov 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-1.pdf. See also the raw data if paste fails.
If you don't recall how to invert integers modulo other integers
I made a video explaining the extended Euclidean algorithm (XGCD)
with slides.
For most of the exercises the solution is obvious when you have it. There are many more pages on the web with tools for cryptanalysis of classical ciphers, e.g. https://www.guballa.de/vigenere-solver, http://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/index.php, http://www.cryptool-online.org.
This video
covers more historical ciphers (Playfair, Hill cipher, column transposition, and very
briefly rotor machines. The slides are here.
We currently have one rotor machines from the
Cryptomuseum
on show in the MetaForum (near the elevator on floor 6 - not that that helps you
now, but it's something to look forward to). Check out their extensive website
on crypto machines and spy craft.
The second video for this play list introduces basic concepts of stream
ciphers and highlights the importance of the IV (initialization vector).
To show why it is necessary I review issues with the "two-time pad".
The slides are here.
Stream ciphers are much more practical than the
OTP in that the key is much shorter. To encrypt a message, expand the key into
a stream of pseudo-random bits and xor those to the message, i.e., treat the
stream-cipher output as the one-time pad. To encrypt multiple message it
becomes necessary to remember how many bits have been used and either stay in
that state or forward by that many positions the next time one uses the cipher.
This is impractical. Initialization Vectors (IVs) deal with that problem in
that they move the beginning of the stream to a random position. The IV is then
sent in clear along with the ciphertext, so that the receiving end can
compute the same starting position.
16 Nov 2020
Please watch
to learn about feedback shift registers and how to use them for encryption;
the definitions of state,
period, pre-period,, ultimately periodic sequences, We also prove the
following lemma:
If the sequence is periodic with period r and si = si+l
for all i then r divides l. The slides are here.
The second video
introduces linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) and how we draw
them, motivates that we want c0=1 (else there is just a delay in output)..
The zero state produces the zero sequence, thus the max period is 2^n-1,
For two examples it determines all periods that can be generated by
those LFSRs. See here
for the slides.
The third video
establishes a relationship between state update and a matrix,
the state-update matrix. The order of the matrix is a multiple
of the period of the LFSR.The video gives an example of how this
order is computed and proves a formula for the characteristic
polynomial of the matrix. This will be useful for further
investigations. See here
for the slides.
19 Nov 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-2.pdf. You should really try to
solve these exercises and make some conjectures about how orders,
degrees, and periods fit together. I'm holding back on some video
with explanations to make you solve these.
.
I recorded a video to explain public-key cryptography.
You should watch this video to understand the data flow in GPG. You can
find the slides here.
The video explains public-key cryptography for encryption and signatures. To submit your homeworks you will need to use PGP/GnuPG. See above for software suggestions. Note that the sender needs the public key of the recipient in order to send a message. This means that you need to send your public Key and those of your team mates to the TAs so that they can reply to you.
The first homework is due on 26 November 2019 at 13:30. Here is the first homework sheet. Please remember to submit your homework by encrypted, signed email to the TAs. Don't forget to include your public key and those of your team mates.
Do not watch this video before you're done with exercise 1 on sheet 2 and have
developed some conjectures.
This video takes some of the conjectures that you should have found,
turns them into theorems and proves them. Once they are proven, you
can use them as facts, so proofs are useful. The video also recalls
the definition of irreducible polynomials and Rabin's irreducibly
test.
See here
for the slides.
Hardware design motivates combining short LFSRs, so this video
looks at sums of LFSRs.
The video develops some hypotheses about sums of LFSRs and (partially)
disproves them. Like for every movie ending with tension, there will
be a sequel. Stay tuned for finding out why 21 is missing!
See here
for the slides.
23 Nov 2020
We have accumulated a bunch of open problems and hypotheses. This
video
cleans everything up so that now we can look at an LFSR and with very
few steps determine its properties. The slides are
here.
Further reading on finite fields and the mathematical theory of LFSRs is in Lidl/Niederreiter (see literature section), van Tilborg (see literature section), and David Kohel's lecture notes.
You should recognize factors x, x+1, x^2+x+1, x^3+x+1, and x^3+x^2+1 as factors of polynomials. From 2WF50 or 2WF90 you should know Rabin's irreducibly test, else look it up.
LFSRs are used in practice because they are small and efficient, but they
need a non-linear component to be secure. I cover three examples (A5/11, A5/2, and
SNOW-3G) in this video:
The slides show the LFSRs and
some details. I also cover the history. It sounds like the 54 bits were
a compromise between countries wanting strong crypto and others wanting
weak crypto. One of the first postings on it
with some details on the history
(note that the original link
does not work now)
an attack idea for A5/1 by Ross Anderson is from 1994, but many
details were missing. The full algorithm descriptions of A5/1 and its
purposefully weakened sibling A5/2 were reverse engineered and
posted in 1999 by
Marc Briceno, Ian Goldberg, and David Wagner. The same group also
showed a devastating attack on A5/2, allowing for real-time decryption.
Sadly enough, the A5 algorithms allow downgrade attacks, so this is a
problem for any phone which has code for it, which is most until
recently. Also A5/1 does not offer 2^54 security (54 bits is the
effective key length) but only 2^24 (with some precomputation/space).
However, A5/2 is broken even worse, in 2^16 computations, with efficient
code online, e.g A5/2 Hack Tool.
A nice overview of lightweight ciphers, including more modern and less broken ones is given by Alex Biryukov and Leo Perrin.
In the live session we covered a short introduction to sage, see
here for an annotated history of
what I typed. you can load this into sage interactively using the load
command or starts sage from the command line with the file name as the
argument -- but the purpose of the file is mostly to give you a few
useful commands so that you can find your way. Also take a look at
the cheat sheet
I linked fro exercise sheet 2.
The rest of the time was spent on doing some examples of sums of LFSRs
see pictures 1 and 2
26 Nov 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-3.pdf.
The cipher we analyzed in the exercise session is RC. I find it quite
surprising that such a widely used cipher exhibits properties we can
find in an exercise session (well, knowing where to look, of course).
I've recorded a video to summarize the biases and explain some.
The slides are here.
Note that RC4 was a secret design, available only as black box implementation. Soon after it was leaked as "arcfour" weaknesses were found.
Better stream ciphers exist, e.g. the final portfolio from the eSTREAM competition has held up well.
The second homework is due on 03 December 2020 at 13:30. Here is the second homework sheet.
Please remember to submit your homework by encrypted, signed email to all the TAs.
Don't forget to include your public key and those of your team mates.
Do not submit as a singleton, the minimum group size is 2.
30 Nov 2020
The topics for the Q & A session are the videos
The first video for today covers cryptographic hash functions
see here for the slides
We covered design of hash functions using the Merkle-Damgaard construction and how this enables length-extension attacks. We used this as a feature in computing more SHA-1 iterations per second when searching for near collisions. See our write-up for more details. But there are also situations when this property is not welcome. One can deal with it by insisting on a fixed padding in the last block and checking for that.
Short summary of hash functions: MD4 is completely broken; for MD5 it's easy to find collisions, first SHA-1 collisions were computed in 2017 (see https://shattered.io/). SHA-256, SHA-512 and SHA-3 (and the other SHA-3 finalists) are likely to be OK.
The second video is on message authentication codes (MACs)
see here for the slides
Stream ciphers are susceptible to attacks flipping bits in the ciphertext, which cause the same bits to flip in the plaintext. A fingerprint protects against accidental bit flips, but a proper Message Authentication Codes (MACs) need to resist adversarially chosen changes. Communicating parties A and B need an authentication key along with the encryption key. The easiest version of a MAC is to use a hash function to compute cryptographic checksum over the authentication key and the ciphertext. We want to have checksum on the ciphertext for easy and quick rejection of forged packets = Encrypt, then MAC. If you would use the simple MAC you would run into trouble with length-extension attacks. There are many MACs either as standalone constructions ore integrated into a block cipher + mode as in AES-GCM. The video covers HMAC as an example of MAC used in practice..
03 Dec 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-4.pdf.
The exercise session today covered DES as an example of a block cipher.
For more details
and historical background watch the video:
The slides are here.
Block ciphers can encrypt data in blocks of fixed length n. If you encrypt each block separately your encryption is vulnerable to statistical attacks, A famous example of how weak this is is the ECB penguin. The name for this approach is ECB (electronic code book) mode. The approach means that identical blocks encrypt the same way. See below for better modes.
The video covers some details on DES, including how to decrypt a Feistel cipher. S-box is the non-linear part; the NSA strengthened the S-boxes in the original design (Lucifer) against differential attacks (but made the keys much shorter). In the exercises we saw that small changes in the input lead to big changes in the output. 56 bits for the key is not secure enough! First brute force attack was done with "DES Cracker" for 250k USD. In 2006 a team from Bochum and Kiel built COPACOBANA which can break DES in a week for 8980 EUR (plus some grad-student time).
2-DES takes only 2^56 trials for complete key search. 2-DES is only marginally harder to break than DES, taking 2^57 with a divide-and-conquer approach. Still common use is 3-DES, sometimes with k1=k3. Full 3-DES needs 2^112 steps to break, there are some more weaknesses in 2-key 3-DES.
To encrypt messages longer than one block you need to use a mode of
operation. Modes are covered in this video
See here for the slides.
Note that the slides have been fixed to cover an error in OFB mode.
More reasonable modes than ECB are CBC,OFB, and CTR. These modes ensure that identical plaintext blocks do not lead to identical ciphertext blocks.
Always make sure to include a MAC!
I have updated exercise 1c to fix the upper bound for i and also
extended the hint.>
The third homework is due on 10 December 20i20 at 13:30. Here is the third homework sheet.
Please remember to submit your homework by encrypted, signed email to all TAs.
Don't forget to include your public key and those of your team mates.
Do not submit as a singleton, the minimum group size is 2.
07 Dec 2020
The topics for the Q & A session are the videos
For the question regarding the number of rounds for DES, I showed a table from Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard by Biham and Shamir. Note that linear cryptanalysis is a more powerful attack against DES than differential cryptanalysis. If you want to see some nice explanation of linear and differential cryptanalysis, take a look at the Master thesis by Eran Lambooij. This part is purely optional.
New topics for today are in public-key cryptography. You should have watched Public-key and symmetric-key cryptology – or re-watch it now.
As a warm up, watch this video on how to compute exponentiation efficiently
The slides are here
Exponentiation by square and multiply with an l-bit exponent takes l squarings and as many multiplications as the exponent has all bits set to 1.
As a first public-key system we look at RSA. Warning: do not
use schoolbook RSA in practice
The slides are here
The video covers
Public-key encryption requires 3 algorithms: Key generation, encryption,
and decryption. Signatures also require 3 algorithms: Key generation,
signing, and verification.
RSA encryption: public key for RSA is (n,e), private key is (n,d), where n=pq
for two different primes p and q, φ(n)=(p-1)(q-1) and d is the
inverse of e modulo φ(n). We showed how to encrypt and decrypt and why
this works.
Attention, this is schoolbook RSA, do not use
this in practice.
If you don't remember how to compute modulo an integer or what φ(n) is,
now is a good moment to catch up on this.
There are several problems with schoolbook RSA. This video covers just part 1.
The slides are here
Note that a typo has been fixed on the slides.
If message and exponent are small reduction modulo n might not happen
and the ciphertext is an integer e-th power of the message.
Furthermore, we can recover a message that is sent to multiple (at least e)
people, if they all use the same small exponent e.
Both of these issues can e sold with padding; the second attack shows that
the padding has to be randomized.
10 Dec 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-5.pdf.
I've recorded a short video to recap the Chinese remainder theorem and
how to compute solutions.
The slides are here
This video covers some cute attack if the messages are linearly related
The slides are here
Given just two ciphertexts of linearly related messages we can decrypt the message. The same holds for messages related via a known function.
We need to cover formal security notions so that we can say when a system
is broken.
The slides are here
Security notions and attack definitions for encryption and
signatures:
These formalize what we consider an attack and what
powers the attacker has.
In a full break the private key is
recovered. For signatures, the attack goal is to forge signatures,
this could mean to generate any valid (m,s) pair (existential forgery)
or to generate valid (m,s) for a meaningful message m (universal
forgery).
For encryption the goal is to recover plaintext from
ciphertext;, i.e. to break one-wayness. We typically request that a
scheme is so strong that the attacker learns no information about the
plaintext from the ciphertext; this is called semantic
security. However, this is hard to deal with in practice. An
equivalent and more practical security requirement is
indistinguishability: the attacker chooses two messages m0 and m1 and
is then presented with a ciphertext c which encrypts one of m0 and
m1. The attacker wins if he correctly guesses which, i.e., if he can
distinguish the ciphertexts. To deal with a 50% chance of guessing,
the advantage of the attacker is defined as the extra chance on top of
the 50%. See the video and slides for the full formal definition.
The abilities of the attacker vary; for signatures it might be a key-only attack (KOA), a known message attack (KMA), or a chosen message attack (CMA). In the latter two cases the attacker sees valid signature pairs (m,s); in CMA the attacker can choose for which messages he sees signatures.
For encryption the attacker may do a chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) or a chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA). There are two versions of CCA security: in CCA-I the attacker gets to request decryptions of arbitrary ciphertexts until he sees c; in CCA-II the attacker can request decryptions of ciphertexts c' (not equal to c) also after receiving c.
If you really needed another reason to not use schoolbook RSA, here
we go. The video also covers the idea behind Bleichenbacher's attack
on PKCS#1 1.5
The slides are here
RSA is homomorphic, which defeats some security notions and can mean
real attacks (depending on the setting).
Schoolbook RSA is not is not OW CCA-II secure, because of the homomorphic
property: to decrypt c the attacker can ask for the decryption of
c'=c*2^d, obtain m' and get m = m'/2.
The homomorphic property gives existential forgery under
KMA: (m1*m2, s1*s2) is a valid signature different from the observed
ones. This works as long as the attacker sees at least one message
(he can use m1=m2). It also gives universal forgery under CMA: in order
to create a signature on m the attacker asks to see a signature on
m*2^e. He receives (m^d*2,s) and then obtains a valid signature on m
as (m,s/2).
Because schoolbook RSA is deterministic, it is
not even CPA secure: the attacker can simply encrypt m0 and m1
himself and compare the results to c..
To make RSA a randomized encryption one uses some padding; however this is also error prone. PKCS#1 v1.5 is a negative example which is broken using Bleichenbacher's attack. Take a look at https://robotattack.org/ for a recent use of Bleichenbacher's attack in practice. You should be able to understand details of the full paper Return Of Bleichenbacher's Oracle Threat. RSA-OAEP is a better padding scheme.
The fourth and last homework is due on 07 January 2021 at 13:30. Here is the homework sheet. At this point you can solve the first part of the exercises, you will have all material necessary by next Thursday.14 Dec 2020
New topics for today are all things RSA.
The live session went a bit different from planned because by
tablet crashed and didn't recover for the lecture. :-(
I explained that for IND proofs there is some limit on the message
space – in schoolbook RSA we have that messages are positive
integers less than n and for RSA with padding the message space
will be further restricted. In symmetric cryptography the message
length for IND proofs is similarly fixed. In reality this is achieved
by adding padding.
Finally we did all the steps of the CRT computation from the
"Problems with schoolbook RSA I" slides. I've annotated the sage history for the session.
See https://factorable.net/) for an
internet-wide scan and several factored keys. I was involved in
finding a similar case in the RSA keys of Taiwanese Citizen Cards, see
https://smartfacts.cr.yp.to/.
Factorization methods: trial division, p-1 method., namedropping of other factorization methods, see also http://facthacks.cr.yp.to/ for descriptions and code snippets.
The next topic is the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
The slides are here
Diffie-Hellman key exchange in different groups, including some insecure ones. CDHP, DDHP, DLP, relations between these problems.
DH has a problem with active man-in-the-middle attacks. Eve can establish communications with A and B and pass messages between them so that each of them is convinced they are securely talking to the other party while Eve gets all plaintext. This does require Eve to stay in the middle of the conversation and decrypt and re-encrypt all messages.
Semi-static DH has A have a fixed key which B knows to be authentic. B picks fresh random values d for each new interaction to get key freshness. If both A and B should be authenticated they can use the triple-DH handshake to combine long-term and short-term keys.
we will see more usage of DLP and DHP on Thursday. For today just one
more attack.
The slides are here
BSGS is an algorithm to compute discrete logarithms in a cyclic group
with generator g, i.e. given g and h_A =g^a it computes a.
Put m=floor(√n), where n is the order of g.
BSGS computes all powers of the generator from g^0=1 up to g^(m-1),
these are the baby steps (incrementing by 1 in the exponent).
Then it computes S=g^(-m) and checks for each h_A * S^j for j = 0,...
whether it is in the list of baby steps; these are the giant steps
(moving by m in the exponent). If a match happens, we have
g^i=h_A * S^j = g^a*g^(-mj), thus a=i+mj.
17 Dec 2020
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5 and 6: exercise-6.pdf.
In 2016 I wrote some slides for this lecture. You might find them interesting as a different way to explain BSGS.
The second video for today covers ElGamal encryption (mostly for
historical purposes) and ElGamal signatures and why they work.
The slides are here
Finally we cover the cost analysis of DLP, CDHP, and DDHP
The slides are here
Any system based on DLP has at most square root of the group order hardness of the DLP. For elliptic-curve groups that's also the best known attack complexity while there are faster attacks on finite-field DLP which reduce the complexity to that of RSA numbers of the same size.
To analyze the hardness of DDH we worked out how we can test whether the DL is even or odd and how to turn this into an attack on DDH that succeeds with non-negligible probability. A way out is to work in subgroups of F_p which have prime order. If you stay on for 2MMC10 you will encounter the Pohlig-Hellman attack, an attack that reduces the security to that of the largest prime-order subgroup, so restricting to it does not give up any security.
Enjoy your holidays. If you want to do some crypto take a look at the old exams (below). Ask on Zulip or email me if you have questions or think you have solutions to old exams (= send me scans of your solutions and I'll send comments back).
04 Jan 2021
In the live session we went through two examples for BSGS and did some
more details on the (weak!) case of DH in the additive group of a finite
field.
Here are image 1 and image 2
from the live session.
The first video for today covers the KEM-DEM framework
The slides are here
KEM (Key Encapsulation mechanism) is a more modern security notion than public-key encryption, using the public-key part only to generate a shared secret for use i symmetric-key cryptography, then called DEM (Data Encapsulation Mechanism). The video shows how to turn a PKE into a KEM and gives RSA and DH as examples.
The second video is about Shamir secret sharing
The slides are here
Shamir secret sharing: allows to share a secret in a t-out-of-N fashion so that any set of t people can recover it; It works by picking a random degree-(t-1) polynomial with constant term as the secret and giving each user a share (i,f(i)) for non-repeating and nonzero i. Recovering the secret works by simple Lagrange interpolation.
Note that the secret never needs to be re-computed -- for applications in RSA or DH the shares can be applied individually and then only the per-message secrets be combined. Also note that there is no need to ever have the secret -- it can be generated from t shares; these shares are then re-shared in a t-out-of-N fashion.
07 Jan 2021
Here is the exercise sheet for block 5
and 6: exercise-7.pdf.
The first video deals with authenticated key agreement.
The slides are here
The lecture introducing DH had left open the details on how to avoid that Eve can be in the middle. The video first covers the Needham-Schroeder authentication protocol and why it doesn't actually prove to B that he is talking to A. Triple DH or DH together with signatures achieves authentication and key freshness.
The second video is about different types of signatures.Blind signatures are used in eCash and easy to get from homomorphic RSA signatures. For undeniable signatures Chaum showed a protocol relying on the hardness of the discrete-logarithm problem.
11 Jan 2021
For this round you can ask any question, not just on the material of the last two sessions. We will also do an exercise session on 14 Jan during which you can ask questions about old exams.
We ended up covereing some details on Needham-Schroeder, 3DH, KEMs,
blind signatures and undeniable signatures. Here are the pictures
from the screenshots:
page 1,
page 2,
page 3,
page 4,
This course was given for the first time in Q2 of 2014. Here are my exams so far
